اسرائیل

دولت و سیاست[ویرایش]

پرونده:Isaac Herzog, ژوئیه ۲۰۲۱ (D1233-049).JPG

اسرائیل یک دموکراسی پارلمانی با حق رای همگانی است. یک عضو پارلمان که اکثریت پارلمانی از آن حمایت می‌کند، به سمت نخست‌وزیری نایل می‌شود که معمولاً به‌طور همزمان رئیس بزرگ‌ترین حزب نیز هست. نخست‌وزیر رئیس دولت و رئیس کابینه می‌گردد.^[۱]^[۲]

اسرائیل توسط یک پارلمان ۱۲۰ نفری به نام کنست اداره می‌گردد. عضویت کنست بر اساس نمایندگی تناسبی احزاب سیاسی،^[۳] با آستانه انتخاباتی ۳٫۲۵ درصد که در عمل منجر به تشکیل دولت‌های ائتلافی می‌شود. واجدان شرایط رای‌دهی ساکنان شهرک‌های اسرائیلی در کرانه باختری هستند^[۴] که پس از انتخابات پارلمانی ۲۰۱۵، ۱۰ نفر از ۱۲۰ (7000800000000000000۸‏٪) شهرک‌نشینان بودند.^[۵] انتخابات پارلمانی هر چهار سال یک بار ترتیب داده می‌شود، اما ائتلاف‌های بی ثبات یا فاقد رای اعتماد ممکن است یک دولت را توسط کنست زودتر از موعد منحل کند.^[۶] اولین حزب تحت رهبری اعراب در سال ۱۹۸۸ تأسیس شد^[۷] و از سال ۲۰۲۲، احزاب تحت رهبری اعراب حدود ۱۰٪ از کرسی‌های پارلمان را در اختیار گرفتند.^[۸]

قوانین اساسی اسرائیل به عنوان یک قانون اساسی غیرمدون عمل می‌کند. اسرائیل در قوانین اساسی‌اش، خود را به عنوان یک کشور یهودی و دموکراتیک و به عنوان دولت-ملت قوم یهود تعریف کرده.^[۹] در سال ۲۰۰۳، کنست شروع به تدوین قانون اساسی رسمی بر اساس این قوانین کرد.^[۱۰]^[۱۱]

رئیس‌جمهور اسرائیل، رئیس دولت است و وظایف محدود و عمدتاً تشریفاتی دارد.^[۱]

اسرائیل هیچ مذهب رسمی ندارد،^[۱۲]^[۱۳]^[۱۴] اما تعریف دولت به عنوان " یهودی و دموکراتیک " ارتباط قوی با یهودیت و همچنین تضاد بین قوانین دولتی و قوانین مذهبی ایجاد می‌کند. تعامل بین احزاب سیاسی تعادل بین دولت و مذهب را تا حد زیادی همان‌طور که در دوران قیمومیت بریتانیا وجود داشت حفظ کرده‌است.^[۱۵]

در ۱۹ ژوئیه ۲۰۱۸، کنست قانون اساسی را تصویب کرد که دولت اسرائیل را به عنوان " دولت ملی قوم یهود " و عبری را به عنوان زبان رسمی آن توصیف می‌کند. این لایحه "وضعیتی ویژه" را برای زبان عربی قائل است. همین لایحه فوق به یهودیان حق منحصربه‌فردی برای تعیین سرنوشت ملی می‌دهد و توسعه سکونتگاه‌های یهودی در کشور را "یک منفعت ملی" می‌بیند که به دولت این اختیار را می‌دهد تا "گام‌هایی برای تشویق، پیشبرد و اجرای این منافع بردارد."^[۱۶]

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↑ ^۱٫۰ ^۱٫۱ "Field Listing — Executive Branch". The World Factbook. 19 June 2007. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2007.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد. خطای یادکرد: برچسب <ref> نامعتبر؛ نام «cia2» چندین بار با محتوای متفاوت تعریف شده است
↑ In 1996, direct elections for the prime minister were inaugurated, but the system was declared unsatisfactory and the old one reinstated.
↑ "The Electoral System in Israel". The Knesset. Retrieved 8 August 2007.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.
↑ Jewish settlers can vote in Israeli elections, though West Bank is officially not Israel, Fox News, February 2015: "When Israelis go to the polls next month, tens of thousands of Jewish settlers in the West Bank will also be casting votes, even though they do not live on what is sovereign Israeli territory.
↑ The Social Composition of the 20th Knesset, Israeli Democracy Institute, 30 March 2015
↑ "How Israel's electoral system works - CNN.com". CNN International. Retrieved 2021-10-14.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.
↑ Halbfinger, David M.; McCann, Allison (2020-02-28). "As Israel Votes Again (and Again), Arabs See an Opportunity". The New York Times (به English). Archived from the original on 2022-01-06.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.
↑ Abu Much, Afif (2022-11-07). "Arab Israeli parties trade blame for election fiasco - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East". Al-monitor (به English). Retrieved 2023-05-12.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.
↑ "Israel". Freedom in the World. Freedom House. 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.
↑ "Israel". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 5 January 2017.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.
↑ Mazie 2006
↑ Charbit, Denis (2014). "Israel's Self-Restrained Secularism from the 1947 Status Quo Letter to the Present". In Berlinerblau, Jacques; Fainberg, Sarah; Nou, Aurora. Secularism on the Edge: Rethinking Church-State Relations in the United States, France, and Israel. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 167–169. ISBN 978-1-137-38115-6. The compromise, therefore, was to choose constructive ambiguity: as surprising as it may seem, there is no law that declares Judaism the official religion of Israel. However, there is no other law that declares Israel's neutrality toward all confessions. Judaism is not recognized as the official religion of the state, and even though the Jewish, Muslim and Christian clergy receive their salaries from the state, this fact does not make Israel a neutral state. This apparent pluralism cannot dissimulate the fact that Israel displays a clear and undoubtedly hierarchical pluralism in religious matters. ... It is important to note that from a multicultural point of view, this self-restrained secularism allows Muslim law to be practiced in Israel for personal matters of the Muslim community. As surprising as it seems, if not paradoxical for a state in war, Israel is the only Western democratic country in which Sharia enjoys such an official status.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.
↑ Sharot, Stephen (2007). "Judaism in Israel: Public Religion, Neo-Traditionalism, Messianism, and Ethno-Religious Conflict". In Beckford, James A.; Demerath, Jay. The Sage Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. pp. 671–672. ISBN 978-1-4129-1195-5. It is true that Jewish Israelis, and secular Israelis in particular, conceive of religion as shaped by a state-sponsored religious establishment. There is no formal state religion in Israel, but the state gives its official recognition and financial support to particular religious communities, Jewish, Islamic and Christian, whose religious authorities and courts are empowered to deal with matters of personal status and family law, such as marriage, divorce, and alimony, that are binding on all members of the communities.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.
↑ Jacoby, Tami Amanda (2005). Women in Zones of Conflict: Power and Resistance in Israel. Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-0-7735-2993-9. Although there is no official religion in Israel, there is also no clear separation between religion and state. In Israeli public life, tensions frequently arise among different streams of Judaism: Ultra-Orthodox, National-Religious, Mesorati (Conservative), Reconstructionist Progressive (Reform), and varying combinations of traditionalism and non-observance. Despite this variety in religious observances in society, Orthodox Judaism prevails institutionally over the other streams. This boundary is an historical consequence of the unique evolution of the relationship between Israel nationalism and state building. ... Since the founding period, in order to defuse religious tensions, the State of Israel has adopted what is known as the 'status quo,' an unwritten agreement stipulating that no further changes would be made in the status of religion, and that conflict between the observant and non-observant sectors would be handled circumstantially. The 'status quo' has since pertained to the legal status of both religious and secular Jews in Israel. This situation was designed to appease the religious sector, and has been upheld indefinitely through the disproportionate power of religious political parties in all subsequent coalition governments. ... On one hand, the Declaration of Independence adopted in 1948 explicitly guarantees freedom of religion. On the other, it simultaneously prevents the separation of religion and state in Israel.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.
↑ خطای لوآ در پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/Identifiers در خط 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
↑ "Jewish nation state: Israel approves controversial bill". BBC. 19 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.

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اسرائیل in English

[cia2-1] ۱٫۰ ^۱٫۱ "Field Listing — Executive Branch". The World Factbook. 19 June 2007. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2007.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد. خطای یادکرد: برچسب <ref> نامعتبر؛ نام «cia2» چندین بار با محتوای متفاوت تعریف شده است

[2] In 1996, direct elections for the prime minister were inaugurated, but the system was declared unsatisfactory and the old one reinstated.

[3] "The Electoral System in Israel". The Knesset. Retrieved 8 August 2007.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.

[4] Jewish settlers can vote in Israeli elections, though West Bank is officially not Israel, Fox News, February 2015: "When Israelis go to the polls next month, tens of thousands of Jewish settlers in the West Bank will also be casting votes, even though they do not live on what is sovereign Israeli territory.

[5] The Social Composition of the 20th Knesset, Israeli Democracy Institute, 30 March 2015

[cnn-6] "How Israel's electoral system works - CNN.com". CNN International. Retrieved 2021-10-14.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.

[7] Halbfinger, David M.; McCann, Allison (2020-02-28). "As Israel Votes Again (and Again), Arabs See an Opportunity". The New York Times (به English). Archived from the original on 2022-01-06.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.

[8] Abu Much, Afif (2022-11-07). "Arab Israeli parties trade blame for election fiasco - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East". Al-monitor (به English). Retrieved 2023-05-12.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.

[freedomhouse2008-9] "Israel". Freedom in the World. Freedom House. 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.

[cia-10] "Israel". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 5 January 2017.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.

[11] Mazie 2006

[12] Charbit, Denis (2014). "Israel's Self-Restrained Secularism from the 1947 Status Quo Letter to the Present". In Berlinerblau, Jacques; Fainberg, Sarah; Nou, Aurora. Secularism on the Edge: Rethinking Church-State Relations in the United States, France, and Israel. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 167–169. ISBN 978-1-137-38115-6. The compromise, therefore, was to choose constructive ambiguity: as surprising as it may seem, there is no law that declares Judaism the official religion of Israel. However, there is no other law that declares Israel's neutrality toward all confessions. Judaism is not recognized as the official religion of the state, and even though the Jewish, Muslim and Christian clergy receive their salaries from the state, this fact does not make Israel a neutral state. This apparent pluralism cannot dissimulate the fact that Israel displays a clear and undoubtedly hierarchical pluralism in religious matters. ... It is important to note that from a multicultural point of view, this self-restrained secularism allows Muslim law to be practiced in Israel for personal matters of the Muslim community. As surprising as it seems, if not paradoxical for a state in war, Israel is the only Western democratic country in which Sharia enjoys such an official status.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.

[13] Sharot, Stephen (2007). "Judaism in Israel: Public Religion, Neo-Traditionalism, Messianism, and Ethno-Religious Conflict". In Beckford, James A.; Demerath, Jay. The Sage Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. pp. 671–672. ISBN 978-1-4129-1195-5. It is true that Jewish Israelis, and secular Israelis in particular, conceive of religion as shaped by a state-sponsored religious establishment. There is no formal state religion in Israel, but the state gives its official recognition and financial support to particular religious communities, Jewish, Islamic and Christian, whose religious authorities and courts are empowered to deal with matters of personal status and family law, such as marriage, divorce, and alimony, that are binding on all members of the communities.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.

[14] Jacoby, Tami Amanda (2005). Women in Zones of Conflict: Power and Resistance in Israel. Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-0-7735-2993-9. Although there is no official religion in Israel, there is also no clear separation between religion and state. In Israeli public life, tensions frequently arise among different streams of Judaism: Ultra-Orthodox, National-Religious, Mesorati (Conservative), Reconstructionist Progressive (Reform), and varying combinations of traditionalism and non-observance. Despite this variety in religious observances in society, Orthodox Judaism prevails institutionally over the other streams. This boundary is an historical consequence of the unique evolution of the relationship between Israel nationalism and state building. ... Since the founding period, in order to defuse religious tensions, the State of Israel has adopted what is known as the 'status quo,' an unwritten agreement stipulating that no further changes would be made in the status of religion, and that conflict between the observant and non-observant sectors would be handled circumstantially. The 'status quo' has since pertained to the legal status of both religious and secular Jews in Israel. This situation was designed to appease the religious sector, and has been upheld indefinitely through the disproportionate power of religious political parties in all subsequent coalition governments. ... On one hand, the Declaration of Independence adopted in 1948 explicitly guarantees freedom of religion. On the other, it simultaneously prevents the separation of religion and state in Israel.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.

[15] خطای لوآ در پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/Identifiers در خط 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).

[16] "Jewish nation state: Israel approves controversial bill". BBC. 19 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018.صفحه پودمان:Citation/CS1/en/styles.css محتوایی ندارد.

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