خودکشی میان زندانیان

الگو:نوار جانبی خودکشی خودکشی زندانی همان‌طور که از نامش پیداست به بررسی مسئله خودکشی فرد زندانی می‌پردازد.

کاراهای خطرآفرین

از نشانه‌هایی که می‌توان با مشاهده آن پی برد که فرد زندانی در فکر خودکشی است می‌توان به بخشیدن اشیاء باارزش، صحبت از این‌که زمان زیادی به آزادی باقی نمانده با وجود آن‌که مدت محکومیت زندانی طولانی باشد، ترک روابط اجتماعی، مست کردن‌های متعدد، اعتیاد پیدا کردن به مواد مخدر، مورد قلدری یا سوءاستفاده واقع شدن از سوی دیگر زندانیان، تلاش قبلی برای خودکشی یا امری که موجب شده باشد زندانی برای مدتی بستری شده باشد، صحبت در رابطه با مرگ، محکومیت به سبب ارتکاب جرمی که جزای آن زندانی شدن طولانی‌مدت باشد و عدم توانایی در کنترل تکانش‌وری. همچنین دریافت اخبار بد و منفی از خانه و خانواده و نیز عدم توانایی در کنار آمدن با محیط رسمی زندان هم می‌توانند در سوق دادن زندانی به سوی ارتکاب خودکشی مؤثر باشند. آزمون‌های عینی همچون آزمون افسردگی بک ممکن است نتوانند به درستی نشان دهند که آیا فرد به‌طور واقع قصد خودکشی دارد یا تمارض می‌کند؟ و اینکه گاهی ممکن است فردی که به‌طور واقع قصد انجام خودکشی دارد، به منظور آنکه کسی مانعش نشود، نشانه‌های خودکشی خود را مخفی نگاه داشته و به پرسش‌ها پاسخ نادرست بدهد. همچنین شایان یادآوری است که زندانیانی که به بیماری مبتلا باشند بیش‌تر در معرض خطر خودکشی‌اند. به‌طور مثال مشخص شده که زندانیان مبتلا به ایدز به‌طور متوسط ۱۶ تا ۳۶ بار بیش‌تر از زندانیان عادی اقدام به خودکشی می‌کنند.

نمونه‌ها

Prisons in the United Kingdom had a sharp rise in suicides between 1972 and 1987, with hanging being the most common روش‌های خودکشی. A study found that 47% of the deaths in Finnish prisons were suicides. Large percentages of those who commit suicide in prison do so after having recently received mental health services, although only one-third of prison suicides are found to have a psychiatric history, as opposed to 80–90 percent of suicides in the general community. The suicide rate in U.S. federal prisons is lower than the nationwide average. Pretrial detainees tend to have higher rates of suicide than other inmates, with about a third of all prison suicides occurring within the first week of custody. Custodial suicide is the leading cause of death among detainees housed in jails.

نمودار مقایسه خودکشی میان زندانیان با افراد عادی (کشورهای عضو محمع اروپا، میانگین ۲۰۱۱ تا ۲۰۱۵)

  نرخ سالیانه خودکشی میان افراد عادی در هر ۱۰۰٬۰۰۰ تن

  نرخ سالیانه خودکشی میان زندانیان در هر ۱۰۰٬۰۰۰ تن

According to data by the شورای اروپا، in the بالکان the suicide rate in prisons is lower than in the rest of Europe: between 2011 and 2015 there were on average 53 cases of suicide each year for every 100,000 prisoners in the Balkans, and 87 in the rest of Europe. This may be explained by the fact that in Balkan countries the فهرست کشورها بر پایه آهنگ زندانی شدن is relatively high – so the prisons are not populated by people that are particularly vulnerable – and the use of preventive detention is rather low.

Suicides occur most commonly in isolation cells. The most common time for suicides to occur is in the early morning hours. Suicidal inmates are sometimes put on دیدبانی خودکشی. The suicide rate among prisoners is four times as high as among the general population, but it is unknown whether this is because of the prison environment or because persons with marked suicidal tendencies are more liable to be imprisoned for crime. The apparent motivation for prison suicide appears to be fear of other inmates, of the consequences of one's crime, or imprisonment, and the loss of a significant relationship.

مسئولیت

In the United States, liability can arise under الگو:UnitedStatesCode and the متمم هشتم قانون اساسی ایالات متحده آمریکا if jail and prison officials demonstrate deliberate indifference toward a prisoner's suicidal tendencies, as suicidal inmates are regarded as being in need of medical care. In Farmer v. Brennan, deliberate indifference was established as a standard between negligence and acting with purpose or intent, thus amounting basically to recklessness. The Farmer decision has created difficulties for plaintiffs in proving suicide liability as a violation of constitutionally established civil rights. The بار اثبات (حقوق) appears to be higher than in malpractice cases. Case law provides that liability only exists if prison officials had subjective knowledge of (or at least willful blindness to) an inmate's serious medical need. I.e. , they cannot be held liable if they merely should have known, but did not actually know.

Mere negligence is not enough for there to be a constitutional violation. The federal courts seldom allow recovery based on section 1983 absent extreme instances of deliberate indifference to a suicidal prisoner or a clear pattern of general indifference to suicidal inmates. There has to have been a strong likelihood rather than a mere possibility that a suicide would occur. Courts have also found that there is no duty to screen every prisoner for suicide potential, unless it is obvious that an inmate has such tendencies or propensities. Further, even if prison officials are aware of the inmate's suicidal tendencies and he does commit suicide, they are not liable if they took reasonable actions to prevent the suicide. In determining deliberate indifference, the practical limitations on jailers in preventing inmate suicides must be taken into account.

Examples of failures that can give rise to claims related to suicide in correctional settings include inadequate mental health and psychiatric examination, failure to consider obvious and substantial risk factors in assessing potential for suicide, failure to place an inmate on suicide precautions upon recognizing the obvious and substantial risk, failure to communicate the action taken to other providers or to custody and jail staff, failure to adequately monitor an inmate on suicide watch and maintain an appropriate observation log, discontinuation of suicide watch despite prior knowledge of suicidal behavior of the inmate and potential continued risk, failure to follow policies and procedures related to suicide risk assessment, intervention, and prevention, failure to provide training to correctional staff, abrupt discontinuation of psychotropics in an inmate who is known to have made a serious suicide attempt in the recent past, and grossly inadequate treatment by professional standards or the lack of treatment plans, policies, procedures, or staff, creating a grossly inadequate mental health care system, and repeated examples of delayed or denied medical treatment.

One criticism of the current case law is that prison officials are incentivized to avoid screening inmates for suicidal tendencies, because if the screening is ineffective, or the jail fails to deter the suicidal attempt of a prisoner it knows is suicidal, the governmental entity and the jailer may be at greater risk of being held liable than if they had conducted no screening. Nonetheless, some jails screen anyway, since jail suicides are difficult on staff and on the municipality and often lead to legal action, and because some states mandate screening procedures and impose شبه‌جرم for failure to follow them. Elected officials may face political ramifications if they become the scapegoat for a prisoner suicide.

یکی دیگر از دلایلی که سبب می‌شود زندانیان بیش‌تر مورد دیده‌بانی قرار بگیرند این است که پژوهش‌ها ثابت کرده‌اند که خودکشی، بیش‌تر با یک برنامه از پیش تعیین شده صورت می‌گیرد و زندانی، کم‌تر به صورت تکانشی اقدام به خودکشی می‌کند. این نشان می‌دهد چنانچه دیده‌بانی بش‌تری صورت گیرد، امکان پیش‌بینی خودکشی نیز بیش‌تر می‌شود.

منابع

الگو:زندان

This article "خودکشی میان زندانیان" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:خودکشی میان زندانیان. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.

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