آرشیل گورکی

آرشیل گورکی

یک نقاش ارمنی-آمریکایی بود که تأثیر اصلی در اکسپرسیونیسم انتزاعی داشت وی بیشتر عمر خویش را به عنوان ملی ایالات متحده آمریکا سپری نمود (گذراند). گورگی همراه با مارک روتکو، جکسون پولاک و ویلم دکونینگ به عنوان یکی قوی‌ترین از نقاشان آمریکایی سده بیستم میلادی مورد ستایش قرار گرفت. نسل‌کشی ارمنی‌ها ... در سال ۱۹۰۸ پدرش برای از سربازی اجباری خانواده خویش را در شهر وان ترک نمود و به ایالات متحده آمریکا مهاجرت نمود. گورکی در سال ۱۹۱۵ در جریان نسل‌کشی ارمنی‌ها توسط حکومت ترکان جوان عثمانی از وان فرار کرد و همراه با مادر و سه خواهرش به ارمنستان شرقی گریخت. پس از واقعه نسل‌کشی مادرش در سال ۱۹۱۹ به علت گرسنگی در ایروان درگذشت.

بوستون امپرسیونیسم پست‌امپرسیونیسم نیویورک پل سزان پروژه هنر فدرال آلیس نیل لی کرزنر جکسون پولاک دیه‌گو ریورا مارک روتکو کوبیسم فراواقع‌گرایی نگارخانه ملی هنر (آمریکا) واشینگتن، دی.سی. ژان اگوست دومینیک انگر پل سزان پابلو پیکاسو ویلم دکونینگ آندره بروتون فراواقع‌گرایی فورت ورث، تگزاس استیون اسپندر سرطان کولوستومی روبرتو ماتا شرمن، کنتیکت انتزاع تغزلی اکسپرسیونیسم انتزاعی نگارخانه ملی هنر (آمریکا) موزه هنر مدرن مؤسسه هنر شیکاگو موزه متروپولیتن نیویورک موزه ویتنی هنر آمریکایی تیت موزه هنر فیلادلفیا کرت وانه‌گت وان آرارات (فیلم) نسل‌کشی ارمنی‌ها آتوم اگویان جوزف کورنل نوریتزا ماتوسیان

متن عنوان	متن عنوان	متن عنوان
	۱۹
	۱۹
ژانویه	۱۹۱۳
	۱۹۱۴
اوت	۱۹۱۴
ژانویه	۱۹۱۵
آوریل-ژوئن	۱۹۱۵
آوریل	۱۹۱۵
ژوئن	۱۹۱۵
اکتبر	۱۹۱۶
	۱۹۱۸
۲۴ مه	۱۹۱۸
۲۸ مه	۱۹۱۸
اوت	۱۹۱۸
۱۹ مارس	۱۹۱۹
ژوئیه	۱۹۱۹
ژانویه	۱۹۲۰
فوریه	۱۹۲۰
	۱۹۲۰–۲۱
سپتامبر	۱۹۲۲
	۱۹۲۴
	۱۹۲۵
ژانویه	۱۹۲۶
۱۵ سپتامبر
	۱۹۲۷
	۱۹۲۸
۲۴ اکتبر
۱۲–۲۶ آوریل	۱۹۳۰
۱ ژانویه - ۱۰ فوریه	۱۹۳۱
۱۳ آوریل
۲–۲۲ ژوئن
۷ دسامبر
۱۰ مه	۱۹۳۲
۲۰ دسامبر		۱۹۳۳
۲ فوریه			۱۹۳۴
تابستان
۲۵ دسامبر
۱۲ فوریه - ۲۲ مارس	۱۹۳۵
مارس
ژوئیه
سپتامبر - اکتبر
۲۴ نوامبر
۱۶دسامبر ۵ ژانویه	۱۹۳۵ ۱۹۳۶
۲۷ دسامبر
۱۶ مارس - ۴ آوریل	۱۹۳۶
۱۴ سپتامبر-۱۲ اکتبر
نوامبر
۹ ژوئن	۱۹۳۷
۱۲ ژوئن-۳۱ دسامبر
۱۲ دسامبر
آوریل	۱۹۳۸
مه-ژوئن
۲۷ نوامبر ۸ ژانویه		۱۹۳۸ ۱۹۳۹
۹ نوامبر - ۱۷ دسامبر
ژانویه	۱۹۳۹
۲۰ مه
۹ ژوئن
۱۰ ژانویه-۱۸ فوریه	۱۹۴۰
۸ نوامبر
۲۷ نوامبر ۸ ژانویه		۱۹۴۰ ۱۹۴۱
	۱۹۴۱
ژوئیه
۹–۲۴ اوت
۱۵ سپتامبر
۱۹ اکتبر - ۷ نوامبر
۱۲ نوامبر - ۳۰ دسامبر
۲۵ ژانویه	۱۹۴۲
۲۸ فوریه
۳۰ ژوئن - ۹ اوت
تابستان
۹ دسامبر ۲۴ ژانویه
۵ آوریل	۱۹۴۳
۱۷ ژوئن - ۲۵ ژوئیه
ژوئیه
۲۳ نوامبر ۴ ژانویه	۱۹۴۳ ۱۹۴۴
فوریه - دسامبر	۱۹۴۴
آوریل
نوامبر
دسامبر
۶ ژانویه - ۳۱ مارس	۱۹۴۵
۸ اوت
سپتامبر
۲۷ نوامبر ۱۰ ژانویه	۱۹۴۵ ۱۹۴۶
ژانویه	۱۹۴۶
ژانویه
۵ فوریه - ۱۳ مارس
۶ مارس
۹ آوریل - ۴ مه
ژوئیه
۱۰ سپتامبر - ۸ دسامبر
نوامبر
۱۰ دسامبر ۱۶ ژانویه	۱۹۴۶ ۱۹۴۷
زمستان
۱۵–۲۸ فوریه
۱۸ فوریه - ۸ مارس
بهار
ژوئن سپتامبر
ژوئیه-اوت
۱۹ نوامبر ۴ ژانویه
۶ دسامبر
۲۷ دسامبر
۳۱ ژانویه - ۲۱ مارس	۱۹۴۷
۱۶ فوریه
۲۹ فوریه - ۲۰ مارس
ژوئن
ژوئیه
۲۲ ژوئیه

آرشیل گورکی

با نام اصلی وُستانیک مانوک آدونیان در حدود سال ۱۹۰۲ در روستای خورکوم در ولایت وان ارمنستان غربی در امپراتوری عثمانی (در ساحل جنوبی دریاچه وان) به دنیا آمد. گورکی جوان در شهر وان بزرگ شد.

وی در سال ۱۹۲۰ به ایالات متحده آمریکا رسید.

پدرش ستراک آدونیان (۱۹۴۷–۱۸۶۳) از ازدواج قبلی صاحب یک دختر و مادر وی شوشان تر-مارتیروسیان (۱۹۱۹–۱۸۸۰) نیز از ادواج قبلی صاحب یک دختر و یک پسر بود.

در سال ۱۹۲۲ در دانشکده جدید طراحی در بوستون ثبت نام نمود.

گورکی و وارتوش به مدت حدود شش ماه در کنستانتینوپل ماندند.

در بهار ۱۹۴۶ استودیوی وی دچار حریق شد و نقاشی‌های خویش را از دست داد. وی همچنین در طول تابستان ۱۹۴۶ برای خارج نمودن غده سرطانی گلو عمل جراحی نمود. در ژوئن ۱۹۴۸ در اثر حادثه رانندگی گردن وی شکست و بازوی نقاشی وی نیز به‌طور موقت (موقتا) فلج شد. در ماه ژوئیه همسرش پس از هفت سال زندگی مشترک وی را ترک نمود و فرزندانشان با خود برد. در تاریخ ۲۱ ژوئیه ۱۹۴۸ در سن ۴۴ سالگی گورگی خود را در شرمن، کنتیکت حلق‌آویز کرد و در گورستان شمالی همان شهر به خاک سپرده شد.

منابع

• پرتو پروین (۱۳۸۷). «آرشیل گورکی، نام‌آوری با نام مستعار». بی‌بی‌سی فارسی.
• «یکصد و دهمین سالگرد تولد آرشیل گورکی هنرمند و نقاش متأثر از نسل‌کشی ارمنیان». آلیک‌آنلاین.
• سمیه رمضان ماهی (۱۳۹۱). «آرشیل گورکی». تبیان.
• قره باغی، علی اصغر. «آرشیل گورکی، فرایند کشف هویت (پیشگامان نقاشی قرن بیستم)». مرداد ۱۳۸۰ (۳۰): ۵۴–۵۱.
• وارطانیان، آرلین. «آرشیل گورکی». فصلنامه پیمان.

• Adalian, Rouben Paul (2002). Historical Dictionary of Armenia.
• Auping, Michael; Ashton, Dore; Spender, Matthew (1997). Arshile Gorky: The Breakthrough Years.
• Barnes, Rachel (2003). Abstract Expressionists. Chicago: Heinemann Library. p. 13-14. ISBN 978-1-58810-644-5.
• Chang, Richard. "A woman painting in a man's world".
• Cotter, Holland. "From Mimic to Master of Invention". NyTimes review. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
• Dorment, Richard (8 February 2010). ""Arshile Gorky: A Retrospective at Tate Modern, review"". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
• Feaver, William (February 6, 2010). ""The mysterious art of Arshile Gorky"". The Guardian. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
• Herrara, Haydon (2005). Arshile Gorky: His Life and Work. August 20, 2010. p. 299.
• Hess, Barbara (2005). Abstract Expressionism. Taschen. p. 10.
• Kerr, Melissa (2009). "Chronology", in: Michael R. Taylor (ed.), Arshile Gorky: A Retrospective. Philadelphia, Pa. : Philadelphia Museum of Art. شابک ‎۹۷۸۰۸۷۶۳۳۲۱۳۹. pp. 352-365; here: p. 353. Also available on the website of the Arshile Gorky Foundation. "... born in the village of Khorkom, within the Armenian province of Van, on the eastern border of Ottoman Turkey"
• Kerr, Melissa (2009). "Chronology", in: Michael R. Taylor (ed.), Arshile Gorky: A Retrospective. pp. 352-365; here: 353, 366. Also available on the website of the Arshile Gorky Foundation.
• Kimmelman, Michael (May 21, 1995). ""Art view; A restless borrower, and his own man"". The New York Times. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
• Knight, Christopher (2010). "Arshile Gorky a Retrospective at MoCA". Los Angeles Times.
• Levy, Paul (2013). "Mougouch Fielding: Painter who became muse to Arshile Gorky". Independent.
• Matossian, Nouritza (2001). Black Angel: The Life of Arshile Gorky. New York: Overlook Press. p. 214–215, 352–357. ISBN 978-1-58567-006-2.
• Meaker, M.J. (1964). Sudden Endings: 13 Profies in Depth of Famous Suicides. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc. p. 151–167. "The Bitter One: Arshile Gorky"
• Stevens, Mark; Swan, Annalyn (2005). de Kooning An American Master. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 210. ISBN 1-4000-4175-9.
• Ries, Martin (2010). "Arshile Gorky's Roofs, Goats, Letters, and Documents". Review of Gorky, Goats on the Roof: A Life in Letters and Documents, ed. Matthew Spender (2009). Art Criticism, vol. 25, no. 1/2. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
• Rosenberg, Harold (1962). Arshile Gorky: The Man, the Time, the Idea. New York: Grove Press. p. 120-122.
• Ross, Clifford (1990). Abstract Expressionism, Creators and Critics. New York: Abrams Publishers. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8109-1908-2.
• Spender, Matthew (1999). From a High Place: A Life of Arshile Gorky. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-40378-1.
• Spender, Matthew (2009). Arshile Gorky: A Life in Letters and Documents. London: Ridinghouse. ISBN 978-1-905464-25-8. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
• Spender, Matthew (2017). Contemporary Authors Online. Gale. Retrieved via Biography in Context database, 2017-12-16
• Theriault, Kim S. Rethinking Arshile Gorky. Penn State Press. ISBN 0-271-04708-9.
• Van Siclen, Bill (July 10, 2003). ""Art scene by Bill Van Siclen: Part-time faculty with full-time talent"". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on . Retrieved June 10, 2001.
• The Editors of Encyclopedia Britanica. "Arshile Gorky Biography & Facts". Britannica.
• "The Arshile Gorky Foundation".
• "Without Gorky". arshilegorkyfoundation.org. The Arshile Gorky Foundation. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
• http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/11/waa/ho_56.205.1.htm. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/56.205.1/
• "Mougouch Fielding". Daily Telegraph.
• ""L.A. Art Collector Caps Two Year Pursuit of Artist with Exhibition of New Work" "Lyrical Abstraction … has been applied at times to the work of Arshile Gorky"". ArtDaily. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
• "Disasters: Tragedy in Jamaica Bay". www.time.com. 9 March 1962.
• "Michael Hunter lecture". Philadelphia Museum. June 7, 2010.
• Willem de Kooning (1969) by Thomas B. Hess
• ""Arshile Gorky: A Retrospective"". Tate. 27 November 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
• ""Six masterpieces"". The Plain Dealer. June 13, 2004. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
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• "Arshile Gorky - Visual Arts Cork".
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• «آلبوم عکس: نمایشگاه آثار آرشیل گورکی در لندن». بی‌بی‌سی فارسی.

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آرشیل گورکی
آرشیل گورکی در دسامبر ۱۹۳۶
Born	۱۵ آوریل ۱۹۰۴ in Khorgom, ولایت وان، امپراتوری عثمانی as Vostanik Manoug Adoian
💀Died	شرمن، کنتیکت، ایالات متحده آمریکا ۲۱ ژوئیهٔ ۱۹۴۸ (۴۴ سال)
🏳️ Nationality	ارمنی-آمریکایی
Movement	اکسپرسیونیسم انتزاعی

آرشیل گورکی (‎/ˌɑːrʃiːl ˈɡɔːrkiː/‎; born وُستانیک مانوک آدویان, ارمنی: Ոստանիկ Մանուկ Ատոյեան‎; زاده ۱۵ آوریل ۱۹۰۴ – درگذشته ۲۱ ژوئیه ۱۹۴۸) was an Armenian born ایالات متحده آمریکا painter, who had a seminal influence on اکسپرسیونیسم انتزاعی. He spent most his life as a national of the United States. Along with مارک روتکو، جکسون پولاک and ویلم دکونینگ، Arshile Gorky has been hailed as one of the most powerful American painters of the 20th century. As such, his works were often speculated to have been informed by the suffering and loss he experienced of the نسل‌کشی ارمنی‌ها.

Early life

Arshile Gorky's The Artist and His Mother (ca. 1926–1936), موزه ویتنی هنر آمریکایی, New York City.

Gorky was born in the village of Khorgom (today's Dilkaya), situated on the shores of Lake Van in the امپراتوری عثمانی. His date of birth is often stated as April 15, 1904; however, the year might well be 1902 or 1903. In later years he was vague about his date of birth, changing it from year to year. In 1908 his father emigrated to America to avoid the draft, leaving his family behind in the town of Van.

In 1915, Gorky fled Lake Van during the Armenian Genocide and escaped with his mother and his three sisters into Russian-controlled territory. In the aftermath of the genocide, Gorky's mother died of starvation in Yerevan in 1919. Arriving in America in 1920, the 16-year-old Gorky was reunited with his father, but they never grew close.

In the process of reinventing his identity, he changed his name to "Arshile Gorky", claiming to be a گرجستان noble (taking the گرجستان name Arshile/Archil), and even telling people he was a relative of the Russian writer Maxim Gorky.

Career

پرونده:Master-bill.jpg

Arshile Gorky's Portrait of Master Bill, 1929–1936. Oil on canvas.

In 1922, Gorky enrolled in the New School of Design in بوستون, eventually becoming a part-time instructor. During the early 1920s he was influenced by Impressionism, although later in the decade he produced works that were more postimpressionist. During this time he was living in New York and was influenced by Paul Cézanne. In 1925 he was asked by Edmund Greacen of the Grand Central Art Galleries to teach at the Grand Central School of Art; Gorky accepted and remained with them until 1931. In 1927, Gorky met Ethel Kremer Schwabacher and developed a lifelong friendship. Schwabacher was his first biographer. Gorky said:

The stuff of thought is the seed of the artist. Dreams form the bristles of the artist's brush. As the eye functions as the brain's sentry, I communicate my innermost perceptions through the art, my worldview.

In 1931, Gorky sent a group of works ranging in price from $100 to $450 to the Downtown Gallery in New York. (The artist's name was spelled "Archele Gorki" in the gallery's records. Most of Gorky's works from this period were unsigned.) The exact nature of their relationship is unknown. Mrs. John D. Rockefeller (Abby Aldrich Rockefeller) purchased from the gallery a Cézannesque still life by Gorky titled Fruit. Gorky may have been introduced to the gallery owner by Stuart Davis who regularly exhibited there.

In 1933, Arshile Gorky became one of the first artists employed by the Works Progress Administration Federal Art Project. This later came to include such artists as Alice Neel, Lee Krasner, Jackson Pollock, Diego Rivera and Mark Rothko.

In 1935, Gorky signed a three-year contract with the Guild Art Gallery (37 West Fifty-seventh Street, New York). Co-owned by Anna Walinska and Margaret Lefranc, but funded and directed by Lefranc, the gallery organized the artist's first solo exhibition in New York, Abstract Drawings by Arshile Gorky.

Notable paintings from this time include Landscape in the Manner of Cézanne (1927) and Landscape, Staten Island (1927–1928). At the close of the 1920s and into the 1930s he experimented with cubism, eventually moving to surrealism. The painting illustrated above, The Artist and His Mother, (ca. 1926–1936) is a memorable, moving and innovative portrait. His The Artist and His Mother paintings are based on a childhood photograph taken in Van in which he is depicted standing beside his mother. Gorky made two versions; the other is in the نگارخانه ملی هنر (آمریکا) Washington, DC.. The painting has been likened to Ingres for simplicity of line and smoothness, to Egyptian هنر مراسم تدفین for pose, to Cézanne for flat planar composition, to Picasso for form and color.

Nighttime, Enigma, Nostalgia (1930–1934) are the series of complex works that characterize this phase of his painting. The canvas Portrait of Master Bill appears to depict Gorky's friend, Willem de Kooning. De Kooning said: "I met a lot of artists — but then I met Gorky ... He had an extraordinary gift for hitting the nail on the head; remarkable. So I immediately attached myself to him and we became very good friends. It was nice to be foreigners meeting in some new place." However recent publications contradict the claim that the painting is of de Kooning but is actually a portrait of a Swedish carpenter Gorky called Master Bill who did some work for him in exchange for Gorky giving him art lessons.

Arshile Gorky working on Activities on the field, one of the panels for his mural Aviation at Newark Airport, for the Federal Art Project, 1936

When Gorky showed his new work to André Breton in the 1940s, after seeing the new paintings and in particular The Liver is the Cock's Comb, Breton declared the painting to be "one of the most important paintings made in America" and he stated that Gorky was a Surrealist, which was Breton's highest compliment. The painting was shown in the Surrealists' final show at the Galérie Maeght in Paris in 1947.

Michael Auping, a curator at the Modern Art Museum in Fort Worth, saw in the work a "taut sexual drama" combined with nostalgic allusions to Gorky's Armenian past. The work in 1944 shows his emergence in the 1940s from the influence of Cézanne and Picasso into his own style, and is perhaps his greatest work. It is over six feet high and eight feet wide, depicting "an abstract landscape filled with watery plumes of semi-transparent color that coalesce around spiky, thorn like shapes, painted in thin, sharp black lines, as if to suggest beaks and claws."

Personal life

Artist Corinne Michelle West was Gorky's muse and probably his lover, although she refused to marry him when he proposed several times.

In 1941, Gorky met and married Agnes Magruder (1921–2013) daughter of Admiral John H. Magruder. He soon nicknamed her "Mougouch", an Armenian term of endearment. They had two daughters, Maro and Yalda (renamed Natasha some months later). Maro Gorky became a painter, and married the British sculptor and writer Matthew Spender, son of the poet Sir Stephen Spender.

From 1946, Gorky suffered a series of crises: his studio barn burned down, he underwent a colostomy for cancer, and Mougouch had an affair with Roberto Matta. In 1948, Gorky's neck was broken and his painting arm temporarily paralyzed in a car accident, and his wife left him, taking their children with her. She was later married to British writer Xan Fielding.

Gorky hanged himself in Sherman, Connecticut in 1948 at the age of 44. He is buried in North Cemetery in Sherman, Connecticut.

Legacy

پرونده:Gorky-The-Liver.jpg

Arshile Gorky. The Liver is the Cock's Comb (1944), oil on canvas, 73¼ × 98" (186 × 249 cm), Albright–Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York. The painting represents the peak of Gorky's achievement and his individual style, after he had emerged from the influence of Cézanne and Picasso.

Gorky's contributions to American and world art are difficult to overestimate. His work as lyrical abstraction</ref> was a "new language. He "lit the way for two generations of American artists". The painterly spontaneity of mature works like The Liver is the Cock's Comb (1944), One Year the Milkweed (1944), and The Betrothal II (1947) immediately prefigured Abstract expressionism, and leaders in the New York School have acknowledged Gorky's considerable influence.

His oeuvre synthesizes Surrealism and the sensuous color and painterliness of the School of Paris with his own highly personal formal vocabulary. His paintings and drawings hang in every major American museum including the نگارخانه ملی هنر (آمریکا), the Museum of Modern Art, the Art Institute of Chicago, the موزه متروپولیتن نیویورک and the موزه ویتنی هنر آمریکایی in New York (which maintains the Gorky Archive), and in many worldwide, including the Tate in London.

A number of English translations of letters allegedly written by Gorky in Armenian to his sisters are now considered to be fakes produced by Karlen Mooradian, a nephew of Gorky, in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The letters often describe moods of melancholy, and express loneliness and emptiness, nostalgia for his country, while bitterly and vividly recalling the circumstances of his mother's death; some also express nationalistic sentiments or impart specific meanings to his paintings. The contents of the fake letters heavily influenced the authors of books written about Gorky and his art during the 1970s and 1980s.

Fifteen of Gorky's paintings and drawings were destroyed in the crash of American Airlines Flight 1 in 1962.

In June 2005, the family of the artist established the Arshile Gorky Foundation, a not-for-profit corporation formed to further the public's appreciation and understanding of the life and artistic achievements of Arshile Gorky. The foundation is working on a catalogue raisonné of the artist's entire body of work. In October 2009, the foundation relaunched its website to provide accurate information on the artist, including a biography, bibliography, exhibition history, and list of archival sources.

In October 2009 the Philadelphia Museum of Art held a major Arshile Gorky exhibition: Arshile Gorky: A Retrospective. On June 6, 2010, an exhibit of the same name opened at the Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA) in Los Angeles.

In popular culture

• Without Gorky is a documentary film about the artist, made by Cosima Spender, his granddaughter.
• Kurt Vonnegut's novel Bluebeard (1987) briefly mentions Gorky.
• Gorky appears as a character in Atom Egoyan's 2002 movie Ararat, as a child in Van and later as an adult survivor of the Armenian Genocide living in New York.
• Stephen Watts's poem The Verb "To Be" (Gramsci & Caruso, Periplum 2003) is dedicated to Gorky's memory.
• Gorky appears as a character in Charles L. Mee's play about Joseph Cornell, Hotel Cassiopeia (2006).
• "Tristes tropiques'", Hilton Al's first story in White Girls briefly mentions Gorky.

Further reading

• Matossian, Nouritza (2001). Black Angel: The Life of Arshile Gorky. New York: Overlook Press. شابک ‎۹۷۸۱۵۸۵۶۷۰۰۶۲.
• Meaker, M.J. (1964). Sudden Endings: 13 Profies in Depth of Famous Suicides. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc. p. 151–167: "The Bitter One: Arshile Gorky".
• Rosenberg, Harold (1962). Arshile Gorky: The Man, the Time, the Idea. New York: Grove Press.
• Spender, Matthew (1999). From a High Place: A Life of Arshile Gorky. New York: Knopf. شابک ‎۹۷۸۰۳۷۵۴۰۳۷۸۱.
• Spender, Matthew (2009). Arshile Gorky: A Life Through Letters and Documents. London:Ridinghouse, London. شابک ‎۹۷۸۱۹۰۵۴۶۴۲۵۸.

پانویس

منابع

• Kerr, Melissa (2009). "Chronology", in: Michael R. Taylor (ed.), Arshile Gorky: A Retrospective. Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Museum of Art. شابک ‎۹۷۸۰۸۷۶۳۳۲۱۳۹. pp. 352-365; here: p. 353. Also available on the website of the Arshile Gorky Foundation. "... born in the village of Khorkom, within the Armenian province of Van, on the eastern border of Ottoman Turkey".
• Kerr, Melissa (2009). "Chronology", in: Michael R. Taylor (ed.), Arshile Gorky: A Retrospective. pp. 352-365; here: 353, 366. Also available on the website of the Arshile Gorky Foundation. Kerr gives Gorky's birth date in the chronology as "c. 1902". In a footnote she states that the often cited birth date of April 15, 1904 is the date that Gorky declared on his citizenship papers. She goes on to recount other conflicting reports of his birth date, including the fact that "his older sisters maintained that he was born in 1902 or 1903"; she finally concludes that "the 1902 birth date seems most plausible" (p. 366). What Kerr does not mention, however, is that the date that actually appears in the citizenship papers is not 1904 but 1903. Gorky's "Petition for Naturalization", filed in New York on January 18, 1939, as well as his earlier "Declaration of Intention", filed on May 7, 1936, both give the date of birth as April 15, 1903. The citizenship documents are retrievable via Ancestry.com; the citation: National Archives and Records Administration, Washington D.C. Petitions for Naturalization from the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, 1897-1944, NARA Series: M1972, Roll 1173. Arshile Gorky, Petition No. 321324.
• Barnes, Rachel (2003). Abstract Expressionists. Chicago: Heinemann Library. p. 14. ISBN 9781588106445.
• Theriault, Kim. Rethinking Arshile Gorky. Penn State Press. ISBN 0271047089.
• Independent, 2013, Mougouch Fielding: Painter who became muse to Arshile Gorky
• Los Angeles Times, 2010, Arshile Gorky a Retrospective at MoCA
• http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/11/waa/ho_56.205.1.htm
• Abstract Expressionism, by Barbara Hess, Taschen, 2005, pg 10
• <ref name="Abstract Expressionism 1990, p. 44">Abstract Expressionism, Creators and Critics, edited by Clifford Ross, Abrams Publishers, New York 1990, p. 44 شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰−۸۱۰۹−۱۹۰۸−۲
• <ref name="American Master 2005, p.210">de Kooning An American Master, Mark Stevens and Annalyn Swan, Alfred A. Knopf New York 2005, p.210, شابک ‎۱−۴۰۰۰−۴۱۷۵−۹
• Willem de Kooning (1969) by Thomas B. Hess
• <ref name="books.google.com">Haydon Herrara, Arshile Gorky: His Life and Work, p.299, 2005 Retrieved August 20, 2010
• Matossian, Nouritza. Black Angel, The Life of Arshile Gorky. Overlook Press, NY 2000, pp.352–357
• Feaver, William. "The mysterious art of Arshile Gorky", The Guardian, February 6, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010
• Kimmelman, Michael. "Art view; A restless borrower, and his own man", The New York Times, May 21, 1995. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
• <ref name=plain>"Six masterpieces", The Plain Dealer, June 13, 2004. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
• CHANG, RICHARD. "A woman painting in a man's world".
• "Matthew Spender." Contemporary Authors Online. Gale, 2017. Retrieved via Biography in Context database, 2017-12-16.
• "Mougouch Fielding". Daily Telegraph.
• <ref name =dorment>Dorment, Richard. "Arshile Gorky: A Retrospective at Tate Modern, review", The Daily Telegraph, 8 February 2010. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
• Art Daily retrieved May 24, 2010
• "L.A. Art Collector Caps Two Year Pursuit of Artist with Exhibition of New Work", ArtDaily. Retrieved 26 May 2010. "Lyrical Abstraction ... has been applied at times to the work of Arshile Gorky"
• "Arshile Gorky: A Retrospective", Tate, February 9, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
• Van Siclen, Bill. "Art scene by Bill Van Siclen: Part-time faculty with full-time talent" بایگانی‌شده در ژوئن ۲۲, ۲۰۱۱ توسط Wayback Machine, The Providence Journal, July 10, 2003. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
• Ries, Martin (2010). "Arshile Gorky's Roofs, Goats, Letters, and Documents". Review of Gorky, Goats on the Roof: A Life in Letters and Documents, ed. Matthew Spender (2009). Art Criticism, vol. 25, no. 1/2. Via author's website, martinries.com. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
• "Disasters: Tragedy in Jamaica Bay". 9 March 1962 – via www.time.com.
• "The Arshile Gorky Foundation".
• Holland Cotter, NyTimes review Retrieved October 23, 2009
• Michael Hunter lecture, Philadelphia Museum Retrieved June 7, 2010
• "Current Exhibitions" MOCA.org Retrieved July 11, 2010

پیوند به بیرون

• Arshile Gorky at Gagosian Gallery
• آرشیل گورکی در موزه هنر مدرن
• Artcyclopedia
• Artnet – Arshile Gorky Art Images
• Arshile Gorky Biography: Hollis Taggart Galleries
• Whistler House Museum of Art, Lowell, MA – Drawings & Paintings by Arshile Gorky: Mina Boehm Metzger Collection
• The Arshile Gorky Foundation – The official website for information on the artist
• Andrew Graham-Dixon talks about Arshile Gorky در یوتیوب

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